I contacted customer support and had a live chat session. It turns out the issue is that to use a volume licensing key, you need to download the installer from within the licensing portal on the adobe website. Once I downloaded it from there, extracted the msi and used the same transform, the install worked.
In other words, Other downloads probably won't work for volume silent installs but does work for manual installs. You'll need to download from within https://licensing2.adobe.com/