Did anyone ever get this figured out? Same situation as all others - SharePoint 2013 on-premises, Acrobat Pro 11. If the pdf is opened from a search result, it prompts as expected for Check-Out and edit and the SharePoint Server menu item is available.
If the PDF is opened from a document library, it does not prompt and the SharePoint Server menu item is missing.
I have tried the edit to the DOCICON.xml file on my WFEs and it makes no changes. I've done much searching online but all I ever see is the DOCICON "fix" and that it seems like it should "just work" (according to the Adobe site when it talks about the features of Pro 11).
Funny enough this work fine in SP2010 (our old environment).
Thanks!